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Alzheimer's disease （AD） is one of the most common diseases in the elderly population. Its etiology involves multiple pathogenic factors and pathological links such as abnormal deposition of β amyloid protein （Aβ）， hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein， abnormalities of the cholinergic system， oxidative stress， and inflammatory response. However， its specific pathogenesis has not been clarified， and no specific therapeutic drugs have been found. In recent years， more and more studies have paid attention to the potential of chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of AD. However， the diversity and complexity of the chemical components of TCM may have a positive impact on multiple pathological links of AD. Researchers have isolated many active components from TCMs， and the effects of treating AD have been confirmed by modern pharmacological studies. Through literature analysis， this article found that the main chemical components of TCM with anti-AD effects were saponins （31%）， flavonoids （24%）， polysaccharides （20%）， lactones （8%）， alkaloids （7%）， phenols （3%）， and other compounds （7%）. Among them， ginsenoside， notoginsenoside， epimedium flavones， puerarin， baicalein， schisandra polysaccharide， angelica polysaccharide， ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide， pachyman， huperzine A， berberine， andrographolide， curcumin， emodin， and gastrodin have been extensively studied in terms of their anti-AD effects， and their mechanisms of pharmacological action have been involved in many aspects of AD pathogenesis. This article reviews the anti-AD activities and possible mechanisms of chemical components of TCM， so as to provide a reference for the development of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of AD.
ABSTRACT
To a certain extent, put forward the concept of " component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)" simplifies the complexity of multi-component and multi-target of TCM, which provides a possibility for the clarification of the material basis of the efficacy of TCM, and also provides a new direction for promoting the modernization and industrialization of TCM, promots the high quality development of TCM. The correlation between prescription and disease syndrome has made rapid progress, both basic research and clinical application are fruitful. However, the correlation between components and disease syndrome still needs to be further studied. The syndrome of blood stasis is a common syndrome of TCM science, and it is more common in various diseases, especially cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, kidney disease, diabetes and hyperlipoidemia. A large number of studies have shown that some specific components contained in TCM or TCM compound can improve the related indexes of patients or experimental animal model with blood stasis syndrome. It is manifested in reducing blood viscosity, inhibiting platelet activation and adhesion aggregation, changing erythrocyte deformability index, inhibiting thrombosis and so on. Blood stasis is not only the pathogenic factor of many diseases, but also the pathological product of many kinds of diseases, which involves a wide range of diseases. Therefore, this study will study the progress of different components of TCM in the prevention and treatment of blood stasis syndrome, focusing on saponins, flavonoids, organic acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids and other active components in improving hemorheological abnormalities, hypercoagulability, platelet activation and adhesion aggregation, thrombosis. Based on the thought of component-disease syndrome, this paper searches the relevant literature in recent 20 years, classifies and summarizes the achievements of different components in the prevention and treatment of blood stasis syndrome, and hopes to provide some ideas for the further study of the pharmacological action of TCM components, the study of compatibility of TCM components and the research of TCM components.
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Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common inflammatory arthropathy diseases, characterized by synovium hyperplasia and progressive destruction of articular cartilage, which is significantly associated with dysfunction and shortening of life span. Drug therapy is the main intervention for RA, but the glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant have many shortcomings in treatment, such as great side effect, slow onset and poor efficacy, while biological agents are too expensive. RA belongs to the category of "arthralgia syndrome" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM treatment for RA has a well-established history and multiple advantages such as good curative effect and less side effects, but its mechanism needs to be further studied. Signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of RA, so it is one of the main targets in research on the pathogenesis of RA and related pharmacological research of therapeutic drugs. In recent years, a large number of studies have been carried out on the regulation effect of active components of TCM on RA signaling pathways. These signaling pathways include Wnt signaling pathway, Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and transcription activator (STAT) signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) signaling pathway, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, Toll like receptor (TLRs) signaling pathway, receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa B (RANK)/Osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling pathway and so on. By reviewing the research results in recent years, we hope to provide ideas and reference for the basic research, development of new drugs and clinical treatment of RA.
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Allbladder cancer is highly malignant and has few effective therapeutic drugs. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has attracted the attention from researchers because of its multi-target, multi-link, multi-channel and less toxic side effect. In recent years, the basic studies of gallbladder cancer have made certain achievements in active components of TCM. Relevant experimental studies have extended to the lever of cells, molecules and genes. The main mechanism of experimental research include inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting cell metastasis, inhibiting cell migration, influencing signal transduction pathway, enhancing sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs, and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. The existing experimental studies have showed that active components of TCM have certain curative effect on gallbladder cancer, but with many problems. For example, although the extract of active components of TCM shows an anti-tumor activity, the specific composition and chemical molecular structure are still unclear. Most studies focus on the level of in vitro cell experiments, but only a few in vivo experimental studies have been carried out in animals. Therefore, more in-depth studies need to be carried out in the future. Currently, most of the mechanisms of anti-gallbladder cancer of active components of TCM are classical signaling pathways. The next step is to find new signaling pathways and new targets. In addition, under the guidance of TCM theory, the future studies of TCM compound can bring advantages of TCM against tumor into full play. The experimental study on the mechanism of action of active components of TCM in the treatment of gallbladder cancer is summarized as follows, which is helpful for researchers to understand the current experimental studies on active components of TCM in gallbladder cancer, in order to conduct more in-depth studies. Basic experimental studies on gallbladder cancer can provide theoretical basis for clinical treatment.
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Hepatic fibrosis is a liver damage healing response affected by a variety of factors; its formation is associated with multiple cytokines and a variety of signaling pathways. Transforming growth factor beta1( TGF-β1) is one of the strongest fibrosis cytokines known,and involves almost all the key links in hepatic fibrosis. TGF-β1/Smads signal pathway is the most classical pathway for TGF-β1 to play its role in promoting fibrosis as well as one of the most important signaling pathways of hepatic fibrosis formation. Studies for the signal pathway have made a series of scientific research achievements in recently years. Traditional Chinese medicine has the advantages of " multiple ingredients,multiple targets and less side effects",and is widely used in the clinical treatment of hepatic fibrosis.Effective components of traditional Chinese medicine are monomer compounds,which are extracted and purified from traditional Chinese medicine. Nowadays,the molecular biology studies of effective traditional Chinese medicine have become a hotspot. Modern advanced technology and methods can be used to directly clarify the targets and the signaling pathways,reveal the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating diseases,and promote the modernization and international development of traditional Chinese medicine industry. This review summarized the structure,function and application of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway in the progress of anti-hepatic fibrosis,and analyzed the action mode and possible mechanism of various effective components of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway and intervening the treatment of hepatic fibrosis in the past five years,so as to put forward new ideas for innovating new targeted traditional Chinese medicine for hepatic fibrosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Liver Cirrhosis , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Signal Transduction , Smad Proteins , Transforming Growth Factor beta1ABSTRACT
Aim To explore the effect of a combination of Astragalus, Epimedium and Pueraria on the expression of hepcidin in hippocampal CA3 region of APPswe/PSldE9 double transgenic AD model mice. Methods Thirty 10-month-old APPswe/PSldE9 double transgenic model mice were randomly divided into three groups; the compound group, the model group and the deferox (D F X) group, and ten 10-month-old C57BL/6J mice were as normal control group. Subsequently, the brain tissue of the mice was taken out, and the expression of hepcidin in the hippocampal CA3 region of each group of mice was detected by immunofluorescence combined with Real-time PCR and Western blot. Results Compared withnormal group, the mRNA expression of hepcidin was down-regulated inmodel group. Afterintragastric administrationof active components of Epimedium, Astragalus and Radix Puerariae and DFX, hepcidin expression levels increased significantly compared with those in APPswe/PSldE9 double transgenic AD model mice hippocampal CA3 area (P 0. 05). Conclusions The effective components of Astragalus, Epimedium and Radix Puerariae can up-regulate the expression of hepcidin, It is suggested that the effective components of Epimedium, Astragalus, and Radix Puerariae have important theoretical significance in the clinical treatment of Alzheimer's disease with iron overload.
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The multiple drug delivery system of components of traditional Chinese medicine is a system composed of multiple components and multiple units. According to the characteristics of each component, different drug delivery units are designed and combined to achieve the purpose of improving bioavailability and enhancing drug efficacy. In this study, supercritical extracts, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides derived from Angelica sinensis were examined as research objects, and a pellet-based vehicle was applied to construct a multiple drug delivery system for the treatment and chemoprevention of colitis and colorectal cancer. The extrusion-spheronization method was used to prepare pellets of Angelica polysaccharides which should be released in the stomach. The yield in 18-24 mesh and plane critical angle served as the index. The Box-Behnken design and the orthogonal design were used to optimize the formulation and parameters of pellets. According to a previous study, the colon specific pellets loading supercritical extracts and phenolic acid extracts were prepared by the optimized process. These two units of pellets were combined into the multiple drug delivery system of effective components of Angelica sinensis, and the quality evaluation and in vitro release study were conducted. The dynamic observation of pellets in mice was evaluated using small animal in vivo imaging system. The prescription of the Angelica polysaccharides gastric releasing pellets was:microcrystalline cellulose 6.5 g, polysaccharide 3.3 g, silica 0.2 g and 7 mL of 60% ethanol as wetting agent. The process parameters were as follows:extrusion rate at 75 r·min-1, rounding rate at 1 800 r·min-1, and rounding time for 3 min. Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that the prepared multiple drug delivery system of effective components of Angelica sinensis produced good release properties. The polysaccharide pellets could be rapidly released in the artificial gastric fluid and in the stomach. The colon specific pellets showed good targeting. They released little in the artificial gastric fluid within 2 hours, released less than 20% in the artificial intestinal fluid for 4 hours, and released more than 90% in artificial colon fluid for 6 hours.
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Objective]Summary of the role of adipokineson insulin resistance and the effective components and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine and its extract in recent years to improve insulin resistance.[ Methods]Consulting CNKI, VIP database, PubMed database about adipokines to improve insulin resistance and effective components of traditional Chinese medicine research literature, summarize the main adipokines and traditional Chinese medicine for improving IR by interfering with the adipokines.[Result]Leptin, adiponectin and resistin and other factors play a key role in the formation of insulin resistance and diabetes.The research on the effect of Chinese herbal medicine extract and its active components on the improvement of insulin resistance by the intervention of the adipokines is also increasing.[Conclusion]The inflammatory reaction mediated by the adipokines is one of the important factors that lead to insulin resistance, traditional Chinese medicine can effectively improve the type 2 diabetes insulin resistance caused by adipokines.
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To establish MDCK-pHaMDR cell model and standard operation procedure for assessing the blood-brain barrier permeability of chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine. MDCK-pHaMDR cell model was evaluated by determining the morphology features, transepithelial electrical resistance, bidirectional transport and intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine 123 and the apparent permeability of positive control drugs caffeine and atenolol. The MDCK-pHaMDR cell model had satisfactory integrity and tightness, and stable expression of P-gp. In addition, the transport results of the positive control drugs were consistent with the reported values in literature. All the parameters tested of the MDCK-pHaMDR cell model were consistent with the requirements, so the model can be used to study the blood-brain barrier permeability of chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine.